Reliability Evaluation of Photovoltaic Modules Fabricated from Treated Solar Cells by Laser?Enhanced Contact Optimization Process

According to the International Technology Roadmap for Photovoltaics, passivated emitter and rear solar cells dominate market in 2021 of up 80% are forecast remain state art at least next 5 years. Within production process cells, it is typical have with lower efficiency grades due variations manufacturing processes or material defects. Reprocessing such could save cost increased yield simultaneously reduced recycling unusable/unsellable low-efficiency cells. Herein, impact laser-enhanced contact optimization (LECO) on power output reliability modules using commercial off-spec different manufacturers analyzed. LECO a downstream optimizing metal?semiconductor contacts finished The treatment leads significant economic gain enhanced cell (Wp ?, therefore per Wp ?) even already good first evaluation an industrial scale (>1000 cells) module presented. results common short-term effects like light-induced degradation light- elevated temperature-induced within expected limits durability against, example, potential-induced not changed process. further show that sorting crucial reliable avoid outliers terms unexpected recovery phenomena individual